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Beautiful Wallpaper Biography
The rose flower is an exceptionally small and bright and very beautiful flower.Blossom that blooms from a woody, perennial herb plant. These flowers, which grow from the genus rosmarinus in the family lamiaceae, are native to regions of the Mediterranean. These herbs are best known for their needle-shaped evergreen leaves, which sprout for either trailing or upright plants. They are generally very long, and – though comparatively small – are quite broad in structure; their upper sides are a dark green, while their underbelly is a light, ashy white with small, dense hairs. The flowers themselves only begin to develop when the plant is fully mature, and may be seen in hues of blue, purple, pink and white.The rosemary flower is often overlooked, as these plants are best known for their flavorful leaves – which are most commonly used in food and folk remedies. However, these blossoms have found their own place in storytelling and custom. In some legends, these blooms are said to improve memory, and thus – over time – they have become a large part of both weddings and funerals. Rosemary springs have long been thrown into open graves to show respect for the dead, and to tell them that they will not be forgotten; on the other hand, wreaths and garlands are made of these flowers – which are most frequently worn by the bride – and are retained as a keepsake, so that the couple may always be reminded of their wedding day.The rosemary flower has also been used in divination and magic. One such example tells of the plant being potted and assigned the name of several potential love interests. The plant that grew healthy and strong belonged to the most suitable candidate. In addition to naming a new love, these blossoms were often used as love charms – cloth dolls were sewn and stuffed with rosemary to attract love; bunches of rosemary sprigs were carried by newly married couples to bring about fertility; while sachets filled with the dried flowers could be placed under a pillow, in a linen drawer or under a doormat to either dream of your next love, bring about the start of a sensual attachment, or attract your lover right to your door. In addition to symbolizing remembrance, the rosemary flower is said to represent fidelity, as well as constancy and loyalty.These blossoms are most commonly traded between old and new lovers alike – to show that they will always be true to each other. They are also sometimes given to both lovers and friends that have to leave, so as to express the notion that they will always be remembered.A red rose symbolizes love and affection. The beauty of a red rose flower lies in its color, petals and shape. The center of the rose flower is more interesting due to the lovely patterns in which the petals are formed. While most roses open completely, some partially open offering their own beauty. Red roses are often the preferred subjects of Flower Photography. Enjoy these most beautiful red rose flower pictures.Love, Beauty, Courage and Respect, Romantic Love, Congratulations, "I Love You", "Job Well Done", Sincere Love, Respect, Courage & Passion.Red Rose as the symbol for love that the red rose is most commonly recognized. Red roses continue to be the most popular way to say "I love you" The rich heritage of the red rose has culminated in its modern day image as the lover's rose. They are the definitive symbol for romantic sentiments, representing true love, stronger than thorns.Even the simplicity of a single red rose can elicit a powerful response. Whatever the occasion, red roses have an allure that is hard to resist! In Greek and Roman mythology the red rose was closely tied to the goddess of love.A Beautiful Mind is an unauthorized biography of Nobel Prize-winning economist and mathematician John Forbes Nash, Jr. by Sylvia Nasar, professor of journalism at Columbia University. It inspired the 2001 film by the same name.
Starting with his childhood, the book covers Nash's years at Princeton and MIT, his work for the RAND Corporation, his family and his struggle with schizophrenia.Although Nasar notes that Nash did not consider himself a homosexual, she describes his arrest for indecent exposure and firing from RAND amid the suspicion that he was a homosexual (then considered grounds for revoking one's security clearance—see p. 185-186).The book ends with Nash being awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994. The book is a detailed description of many aspects of Nash's life, and a close examination of his personality and motivations, and gives an interesting perspective on the stresses placed on personal and professional relationships by severe mental illness.[1]The book won the 1998 National Book Critics Circle Award for biography, was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for biography, and was shortlisted for the Rhône-Poulenc Prize in 1999.[2] The book also appeared on the New York Times' bestseller list for biography. It is particularly notable for describing Nash's genius as well as his struggle with mental illness.John Forbes Nash, Jr. (born June 13, 1928) is an American economist and mathematician whose works in game theory, differential geometry, and partial differential equations have provided insight into the forces that govern chance and events inside complex systems in daily life. His theories are used in market economics, computing, evolutionary biology, artificial intelligence, accounting and military theory. Serving as a Senior Research Mathematician at Princeton University during the later part of his life, he shared the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with game theorists Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi. Nash is the subject of the Hollywood movie A Beautiful Mind. The film, based rather loosely on the biography of the same name, focuses on Nash's mathematical genius and struggle with paranoid schizophrenia.[1][2]Nash's younger sister wrote that "Johnny was always different. [My parents] knew he was different. And they knew he was bright. He always wanted to do things his way. Mother insisted I do things for him, that I include him in my friendships... but I wasn't too keen on showing off my somewhat odd brother."[3] [edit]Post-graduate life Nash's advisor and former Carnegie Tech professor, R.J. Duffin, wrote a letter of recommendation consisting of a single sentence: "This man is a genius."[4] Nash was accepted by Harvard University, but the chairman of the mathematics department of Princeton, Solomon Lefschetz, offered him the John S. Kennedy fellowship, which was enough to convince Nash that Harvard valued him less.[5] Thus from White Oak, he went to Princeton, where he worked on his equilibrium theory. He earned a doctorate in 1950 with a 28 page dissertation on non-cooperative games.[6] The thesis, which was written under the supervision of Albert W. Tucker, contained the definition and properties of what would later be called the "Nash Equilibrium". These studies led to four articles: "Equilibrium Points in N-person Games", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 36 (1950), 4849. MR0031701 "The Bargaining Problem", Econometrica 18 (1950), 155162. MR0035977 "Two-person Cooperative Games", Econometrica 21 (1953), 128140. MR0053471 "Non-cooperative Games", Annals of Mathematics 54 (1951), 286295. [1] Nash did ground-breaking work in the area of real algebraic geometry: "Real algebraic manifolds", Annals of Mathematics 56 (1952), 405421. MR0050928 See Proc. Internat. Congr. Math. (AMS, 1952, pp 516517). His most famous work in mathematics is the Nash embedding theorem, which shows that any abstract Riemannian manifold can be isometrically realized as a submanifold of Euclidean space. He made contributions to the theory of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations, and to singularity theory.As per Nash's biography, from 1951 onwards, he had a liaison with a nurse, named Eleanor Stier. They bore a child named John David Stier. Though Nash had thought of marrying her, he later decided against it and abandoned them. In 1955, Nash went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a C. L. E. Moore Instructor in the mathematics faculty. There, he met Alicia López-Harrison de Lardé (born January 1, 1933), a physics student from El Salvador, whom he married in February 1957. She admitted Nash to a mental hospital in 1959 for schizophrenia; their son, John Charles Martin Nash, was born soon afterward, but remained nameless for a year because his mother felt that her husband should have a say in the name. Nash won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994. [edit]Schizophrenia.Nash began to show signs of extreme paranoia and his wife later described his behavior as erratic, as he began speaking of characters who were putting him in danger. Nash seemed to believe that there was an organization chasing him, in which all men wore red ties. Nash mailed letters to embassies in Washington, D.C., declaring that they were establishing a government.[7][8] He was admitted to the McLean Hospital, AprilMay 1959, where he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. It is the most common type of schizophrenia in most parts of the world. The clinical picture is dominated by relatively stable, often paranoid, fixed beliefs that are either false, over-imaginative or unrealistic, usually accompanied by experiences of seemingly real perception of something not actually presentparticularly auditory and perceptional disturbances, a lack of motivation for life, and mild clinical depression.[3] Upon his release, Nash resigned from MIT, withdrew his pension, and went to Europe, unsuccessfully seeking political asylum in France and East Germany. He tried to renounce his U.S. citizenship. After a problematic stay in Paris and Geneva, he was arrested by the French police and deported back to the United States at the request of the U.S. government. In 1961, Nash was committed to the New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton. Over the next nine years, he spent periods in psychiatric hospitals, where, besides receiving antipsychotic medications, he was administered insulin shock therapy.[3][9][10] Although he took prescribed medication, Nash wrote later that he only took it under pressure. After 1970 he was never committed to the hospital again and refused any medication. According to Nash, the film A Beautiful Mind inaccurately showed him taking new atypical antipsychotics during this period. He attributed the depiction to the screenwriter (whose mother, he notes, was a psychiatrist), who was worried about encouraging people with the disorder to stop taking their medication.[11] Others, however, have questioned whether the fabrication obscured a key question as to whether recovery from problems like Nash's can actually be hindered by such drugs,[12] and Nash has said they are overrated and that the adverse effects are not given enough consideration once someone is considered mentally ill.[13][14][15] According to Nasar, Nash recovered gradually with the passage of time. Encouraged by his then former wife, De Lardé, Nash worked in a communitarian setting where his eccentricities were accepted. De Lardé said of Nash, "it's just a question of living a quiet life".[16] Nash dates the start of what he terms "mental disturbances" to the early months of 1959 when his wife was pregnant. He has described a process of change "from scientific rationality of thinking into the delusional thinking characteristic of persons who are psychiatrically diagnosed as 'schizophrenic' or 'paranoid schizophrenic'"[17] including seeing himself as a messenger or having a special function in some way, and with supporters and opponents and hidden schemers, and a feeling of being persecuted, and looking for signs representing divine revelation.[18] Nash has suggested his delusional thinking was related to his unhappiness, and his striving to feel important and be recognized, and to his characteristic way of thinking such that "I wouldn't have had good scientific ideas if I had thought more normally." He has said, "If I felt completely pressureless I don't think I would have gone in this pattern".[19] He does not see a categorical distinction between terms such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.[20] Nash reports that he did not hear voices until around 1964, later engaging in a process of rejecting them.[21] Nash reports that he was always taken to hospitals against his will, and only temporarily renounced his "dream-like delusional hypotheses" after being in a hospital long enough to decide to superficially conform, behave normally or experience "enforced rationality". Only gradually on his own did he "intellectually reject" some of the "delusionally influenced" and "politically-oriented" thinking as a waste of effort. However, by 1995, he felt that although he was "thinking rationally again in the style that is characteristic of scientists", he felt more limited.[17][22] In Princeton campus legend, Nash became "The Phantom of Fine Hall" (Princeton's mathematics center), a shadowy figure who would scribble arcane equations on blackboards in the middle of the night. The legend appears in a work of fiction based on Princeton life, The Mind-Body Problem, by Rebecca Goldstein. In 1978, Nash was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize for his discovery of non-cooperative equilibria, now called Nash equilibria. He won the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 1999. In 1994, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (along with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten) as a result of his game theory work as a Princeton graduate student. In the late 1980s, Nash had begun to use email to gradually link with working mathematicians who realized that he was the John Nash and that his new work had value. They formed part of the nucleus of a group that contacted the Bank of Sweden's Nobel award committee and were able to vouch for Nash's mental health ability to receive the award in recognition of his early work.[citation needed] Nash's recent work involves ventures in advanced game theory, including partial agency, that show that, as in his early career, he prefers to select his own path and problems. Between 1945 and 1996, he published 23 scientific studies. Nash has suggested hypotheses on mental illness. He has compared not thinking in an acceptable manner, or being "insane" and not fitting into a usual social function, to being "on strike" from an economic point of view. He has advanced evolutionary psychology views about the value of human diversity and the potential benefits of apparently nonstandard behaviors or roles.[23] Nash has developed work on the role of money in society. Within the framing theorem that people can be so controlled and motivated by money that they may not be able to reason rationally about it, he has criticized interest groups that promote quasi-doctrines based on Keynesian economics that permit manipulative short-term inflation and debt tactics that ultimately undermine currencies. He has suggested a global "industrial consumption price index" system that would support the development of more "ideal money" that people could trust rather than more unstable "bad money". He notes that some of his thinking parallels economist and political philosopher Friedrich Hayek's thinking regarding money and a nontypical viewpoint of the function of the authorities.[24][25] Nash received an honorary degree, Doctor of Science and Technology from Carnegie Mellon University in 1999. Nash received an honorary degree in economics from the University of Naples Federico II on March 19, 2003.[citation needed] Nash received an honorary doctorate in economics from the University of Antwerp in April 2007 and was keynote speaker at a conference on Game Theory. Nash has been a prolific guest speaker at a number of world-class events, such as the Warwick Economics Summit in 2005 held at the University of Warwick. References ^ a b c "Oscar race scrutinizes movies based on true stories". USA Today. March 6, 2002. Retrieved January 22, 2008. ^ "List of Oscar Winners". USA Today. Retrieved August 30, 2008. ^ a b c Nasar, Sylvia. A Beautiful Mind, page 32. Simon & Schuster, 1998 ^ Kuhn W., Harold; Sylvia Nasar (Eds.). "The Essential John Nash" (PDF). Princeton University Press. pp. Introduction, xi. Retrieved April 17, 2008. ^ Nasar, Sylvia. A Beautiful Mind, page 46-47. Simon & Schuster, 1998 ^ M. J. Osborne (2004). An Introduction to Game Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 23. ^ Nash Jr., John Forbes - The Free Information Society ^ NY Times: John Nash ^ Ebert, Roger (2002). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2003. Andrews McMeel Publishing. Retrieved July 10, 2008. ^ Beam, Alex (2001). Gracefully Insane: The Rise and Fall of America's Premier Mental Hospital. PublicAffairs; ISBN 1-58648-161-4. Retrieved July 10, 2008. ^ John Nash Interview by Marika Greihsel September 1, 2004 ^ Whitaker, R. (2002) Mind drugs may hinder recovery. USA Today. ^ John Nash PBS Interview: Medication ^ John Nash PBS Interview: Paths to Recovery ^ John Nash PBS Interview: How does Recovery Happen? ^ Nasar, S. (1994) The Lost Years of a Nobel Laureate New York Times ^ a b John Nash (1995) Autobiography From Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 1994, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 1952 ^ John Nash PBS Interview: Delusional Thinking ^ John Nash PBS Interview: The Downward Spiral ^ John Nash (2005) Glimpsing inside a beautiful mind Interview by Shane Hegarty ^ John Nash PBS Interview: Hearing voices ^ a b John Nash PBS Interview: My experience with mental illness ^ By David Neubauer (2007) John Nash and a Beautiful Mind on Strike Yahoo Health ^ John Nash (2002) Ideal Money Southern Economic Journal, 69(1), p4-11 ^ Julia Zuckerman (2005) Nobel winner Nash critiques economic theory The Brown Daily Herald ^ Levy, Emanuel (2003, page 16). All about Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8264-1452-4. Retrieved January 22, 2008. ^ Friedman, Roger (February 15, 2002). "Exclusive: Ron Howard Changed His Mind; and Screenwriter Admits to 'Semi-Fictional Movie'". Fox News. Retrieved March 28, 2009. ^ "Eleanor Stier, 84". The Boston Globe. Retrieved December 5, 2007. ^ a b c Levy, Emanuel (2003, page 145). All about Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8264-1452-4. Retrieved January 22, 2008. ^ Leebaert, Derek (2002, page 117). The Fifty-Year Wound: How America's Cold War Victory Shapes Our World. Back Bay, ISBN 0-316-16496-8. Retrieved January 22, 2008. ^ a b Johnson, David K. (2004, page 160). The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in The Federal Government. University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-40481-1. Retrieved January 22, 2008. ^ "A Real Number". Slate Magazine. Retrieved August 16, 2007. ^ a b Wehner, Chris C. (2003, page 40). Who Wrote That Movie?: Screenwriting in Review: 2000 - 2002. iUniverse, ISBN 0-595-29269-0. Retrieved January 22, 2008. ^ a b Scott, A. O. (March 21, 2002). "Critic's Notebook: A 'Mind' Is a Hazardous Thing to Distort". New York Times. Retrieved January 22 2008.
Beautiful Wallpaper Biography
The rose flower is an exceptionally small and bright and very beautiful flower.Blossom that blooms from a woody, perennial herb plant. These flowers, which grow from the genus rosmarinus in the family lamiaceae, are native to regions of the Mediterranean. These herbs are best known for their needle-shaped evergreen leaves, which sprout for either trailing or upright plants. They are generally very long, and – though comparatively small – are quite broad in structure; their upper sides are a dark green, while their underbelly is a light, ashy white with small, dense hairs. The flowers themselves only begin to develop when the plant is fully mature, and may be seen in hues of blue, purple, pink and white.The rosemary flower is often overlooked, as these plants are best known for their flavorful leaves – which are most commonly used in food and folk remedies. However, these blossoms have found their own place in storytelling and custom. In some legends, these blooms are said to improve memory, and thus – over time – they have become a large part of both weddings and funerals. Rosemary springs have long been thrown into open graves to show respect for the dead, and to tell them that they will not be forgotten; on the other hand, wreaths and garlands are made of these flowers – which are most frequently worn by the bride – and are retained as a keepsake, so that the couple may always be reminded of their wedding day.The rosemary flower has also been used in divination and magic. One such example tells of the plant being potted and assigned the name of several potential love interests. The plant that grew healthy and strong belonged to the most suitable candidate. In addition to naming a new love, these blossoms were often used as love charms – cloth dolls were sewn and stuffed with rosemary to attract love; bunches of rosemary sprigs were carried by newly married couples to bring about fertility; while sachets filled with the dried flowers could be placed under a pillow, in a linen drawer or under a doormat to either dream of your next love, bring about the start of a sensual attachment, or attract your lover right to your door. In addition to symbolizing remembrance, the rosemary flower is said to represent fidelity, as well as constancy and loyalty.These blossoms are most commonly traded between old and new lovers alike – to show that they will always be true to each other. They are also sometimes given to both lovers and friends that have to leave, so as to express the notion that they will always be remembered.A red rose symbolizes love and affection. The beauty of a red rose flower lies in its color, petals and shape. The center of the rose flower is more interesting due to the lovely patterns in which the petals are formed. While most roses open completely, some partially open offering their own beauty. Red roses are often the preferred subjects of Flower Photography. Enjoy these most beautiful red rose flower pictures.Love, Beauty, Courage and Respect, Romantic Love, Congratulations, "I Love You", "Job Well Done", Sincere Love, Respect, Courage & Passion.Red Rose as the symbol for love that the red rose is most commonly recognized. Red roses continue to be the most popular way to say "I love you" The rich heritage of the red rose has culminated in its modern day image as the lover's rose. They are the definitive symbol for romantic sentiments, representing true love, stronger than thorns.Even the simplicity of a single red rose can elicit a powerful response. Whatever the occasion, red roses have an allure that is hard to resist! In Greek and Roman mythology the red rose was closely tied to the goddess of love.A Beautiful Mind is an unauthorized biography of Nobel Prize-winning economist and mathematician John Forbes Nash, Jr. by Sylvia Nasar, professor of journalism at Columbia University. It inspired the 2001 film by the same name.
Starting with his childhood, the book covers Nash's years at Princeton and MIT, his work for the RAND Corporation, his family and his struggle with schizophrenia.Although Nasar notes that Nash did not consider himself a homosexual, she describes his arrest for indecent exposure and firing from RAND amid the suspicion that he was a homosexual (then considered grounds for revoking one's security clearance—see p. 185-186).The book ends with Nash being awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994. The book is a detailed description of many aspects of Nash's life, and a close examination of his personality and motivations, and gives an interesting perspective on the stresses placed on personal and professional relationships by severe mental illness.[1]The book won the 1998 National Book Critics Circle Award for biography, was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for biography, and was shortlisted for the Rhône-Poulenc Prize in 1999.[2] The book also appeared on the New York Times' bestseller list for biography. It is particularly notable for describing Nash's genius as well as his struggle with mental illness.John Forbes Nash, Jr. (born June 13, 1928) is an American economist and mathematician whose works in game theory, differential geometry, and partial differential equations have provided insight into the forces that govern chance and events inside complex systems in daily life. His theories are used in market economics, computing, evolutionary biology, artificial intelligence, accounting and military theory. Serving as a Senior Research Mathematician at Princeton University during the later part of his life, he shared the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with game theorists Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi. Nash is the subject of the Hollywood movie A Beautiful Mind. The film, based rather loosely on the biography of the same name, focuses on Nash's mathematical genius and struggle with paranoid schizophrenia.[1][2]Nash's younger sister wrote that "Johnny was always different. [My parents] knew he was different. And they knew he was bright. He always wanted to do things his way. Mother insisted I do things for him, that I include him in my friendships... but I wasn't too keen on showing off my somewhat odd brother."[3] [edit]Post-graduate life Nash's advisor and former Carnegie Tech professor, R.J. Duffin, wrote a letter of recommendation consisting of a single sentence: "This man is a genius."[4] Nash was accepted by Harvard University, but the chairman of the mathematics department of Princeton, Solomon Lefschetz, offered him the John S. Kennedy fellowship, which was enough to convince Nash that Harvard valued him less.[5] Thus from White Oak, he went to Princeton, where he worked on his equilibrium theory. He earned a doctorate in 1950 with a 28 page dissertation on non-cooperative games.[6] The thesis, which was written under the supervision of Albert W. Tucker, contained the definition and properties of what would later be called the "Nash Equilibrium". These studies led to four articles: "Equilibrium Points in N-person Games", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 36 (1950), 4849. MR0031701 "The Bargaining Problem", Econometrica 18 (1950), 155162. MR0035977 "Two-person Cooperative Games", Econometrica 21 (1953), 128140. MR0053471 "Non-cooperative Games", Annals of Mathematics 54 (1951), 286295. [1] Nash did ground-breaking work in the area of real algebraic geometry: "Real algebraic manifolds", Annals of Mathematics 56 (1952), 405421. MR0050928 See Proc. Internat. Congr. Math. (AMS, 1952, pp 516517). His most famous work in mathematics is the Nash embedding theorem, which shows that any abstract Riemannian manifold can be isometrically realized as a submanifold of Euclidean space. He made contributions to the theory of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations, and to singularity theory.As per Nash's biography, from 1951 onwards, he had a liaison with a nurse, named Eleanor Stier. They bore a child named John David Stier. Though Nash had thought of marrying her, he later decided against it and abandoned them. In 1955, Nash went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a C. L. E. Moore Instructor in the mathematics faculty. There, he met Alicia López-Harrison de Lardé (born January 1, 1933), a physics student from El Salvador, whom he married in February 1957. She admitted Nash to a mental hospital in 1959 for schizophrenia; their son, John Charles Martin Nash, was born soon afterward, but remained nameless for a year because his mother felt that her husband should have a say in the name. Nash won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994. [edit]Schizophrenia.Nash began to show signs of extreme paranoia and his wife later described his behavior as erratic, as he began speaking of characters who were putting him in danger. Nash seemed to believe that there was an organization chasing him, in which all men wore red ties. Nash mailed letters to embassies in Washington, D.C., declaring that they were establishing a government.[7][8] He was admitted to the McLean Hospital, AprilMay 1959, where he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. It is the most common type of schizophrenia in most parts of the world. The clinical picture is dominated by relatively stable, often paranoid, fixed beliefs that are either false, over-imaginative or unrealistic, usually accompanied by experiences of seemingly real perception of something not actually presentparticularly auditory and perceptional disturbances, a lack of motivation for life, and mild clinical depression.[3] Upon his release, Nash resigned from MIT, withdrew his pension, and went to Europe, unsuccessfully seeking political asylum in France and East Germany. He tried to renounce his U.S. citizenship. After a problematic stay in Paris and Geneva, he was arrested by the French police and deported back to the United States at the request of the U.S. government. In 1961, Nash was committed to the New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton. Over the next nine years, he spent periods in psychiatric hospitals, where, besides receiving antipsychotic medications, he was administered insulin shock therapy.[3][9][10] Although he took prescribed medication, Nash wrote later that he only took it under pressure. After 1970 he was never committed to the hospital again and refused any medication. According to Nash, the film A Beautiful Mind inaccurately showed him taking new atypical antipsychotics during this period. He attributed the depiction to the screenwriter (whose mother, he notes, was a psychiatrist), who was worried about encouraging people with the disorder to stop taking their medication.[11] Others, however, have questioned whether the fabrication obscured a key question as to whether recovery from problems like Nash's can actually be hindered by such drugs,[12] and Nash has said they are overrated and that the adverse effects are not given enough consideration once someone is considered mentally ill.[13][14][15] According to Nasar, Nash recovered gradually with the passage of time. Encouraged by his then former wife, De Lardé, Nash worked in a communitarian setting where his eccentricities were accepted. De Lardé said of Nash, "it's just a question of living a quiet life".[16] Nash dates the start of what he terms "mental disturbances" to the early months of 1959 when his wife was pregnant. He has described a process of change "from scientific rationality of thinking into the delusional thinking characteristic of persons who are psychiatrically diagnosed as 'schizophrenic' or 'paranoid schizophrenic'"[17] including seeing himself as a messenger or having a special function in some way, and with supporters and opponents and hidden schemers, and a feeling of being persecuted, and looking for signs representing divine revelation.[18] Nash has suggested his delusional thinking was related to his unhappiness, and his striving to feel important and be recognized, and to his characteristic way of thinking such that "I wouldn't have had good scientific ideas if I had thought more normally." He has said, "If I felt completely pressureless I don't think I would have gone in this pattern".[19] He does not see a categorical distinction between terms such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.[20] Nash reports that he did not hear voices until around 1964, later engaging in a process of rejecting them.[21] Nash reports that he was always taken to hospitals against his will, and only temporarily renounced his "dream-like delusional hypotheses" after being in a hospital long enough to decide to superficially conform, behave normally or experience "enforced rationality". Only gradually on his own did he "intellectually reject" some of the "delusionally influenced" and "politically-oriented" thinking as a waste of effort. However, by 1995, he felt that although he was "thinking rationally again in the style that is characteristic of scientists", he felt more limited.[17][22] In Princeton campus legend, Nash became "The Phantom of Fine Hall" (Princeton's mathematics center), a shadowy figure who would scribble arcane equations on blackboards in the middle of the night. The legend appears in a work of fiction based on Princeton life, The Mind-Body Problem, by Rebecca Goldstein. In 1978, Nash was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize for his discovery of non-cooperative equilibria, now called Nash equilibria. He won the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 1999. In 1994, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (along with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten) as a result of his game theory work as a Princeton graduate student. In the late 1980s, Nash had begun to use email to gradually link with working mathematicians who realized that he was the John Nash and that his new work had value. They formed part of the nucleus of a group that contacted the Bank of Sweden's Nobel award committee and were able to vouch for Nash's mental health ability to receive the award in recognition of his early work.[citation needed] Nash's recent work involves ventures in advanced game theory, including partial agency, that show that, as in his early career, he prefers to select his own path and problems. Between 1945 and 1996, he published 23 scientific studies. Nash has suggested hypotheses on mental illness. He has compared not thinking in an acceptable manner, or being "insane" and not fitting into a usual social function, to being "on strike" from an economic point of view. He has advanced evolutionary psychology views about the value of human diversity and the potential benefits of apparently nonstandard behaviors or roles.[23] Nash has developed work on the role of money in society. Within the framing theorem that people can be so controlled and motivated by money that they may not be able to reason rationally about it, he has criticized interest groups that promote quasi-doctrines based on Keynesian economics that permit manipulative short-term inflation and debt tactics that ultimately undermine currencies. He has suggested a global "industrial consumption price index" system that would support the development of more "ideal money" that people could trust rather than more unstable "bad money". He notes that some of his thinking parallels economist and political philosopher Friedrich Hayek's thinking regarding money and a nontypical viewpoint of the function of the authorities.[24][25] Nash received an honorary degree, Doctor of Science and Technology from Carnegie Mellon University in 1999. Nash received an honorary degree in economics from the University of Naples Federico II on March 19, 2003.[citation needed] Nash received an honorary doctorate in economics from the University of Antwerp in April 2007 and was keynote speaker at a conference on Game Theory. Nash has been a prolific guest speaker at a number of world-class events, such as the Warwick Economics Summit in 2005 held at the University of Warwick. References ^ a b c "Oscar race scrutinizes movies based on true stories". USA Today. March 6, 2002. Retrieved January 22, 2008. ^ "List of Oscar Winners". USA Today. Retrieved August 30, 2008. ^ a b c Nasar, Sylvia. A Beautiful Mind, page 32. Simon & Schuster, 1998 ^ Kuhn W., Harold; Sylvia Nasar (Eds.). "The Essential John Nash" (PDF). Princeton University Press. pp. Introduction, xi. Retrieved April 17, 2008. ^ Nasar, Sylvia. A Beautiful Mind, page 46-47. Simon & Schuster, 1998 ^ M. J. Osborne (2004). An Introduction to Game Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 23. ^ Nash Jr., John Forbes - The Free Information Society ^ NY Times: John Nash ^ Ebert, Roger (2002). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2003. Andrews McMeel Publishing. Retrieved July 10, 2008. ^ Beam, Alex (2001). Gracefully Insane: The Rise and Fall of America's Premier Mental Hospital. PublicAffairs; ISBN 1-58648-161-4. Retrieved July 10, 2008. ^ John Nash Interview by Marika Greihsel September 1, 2004 ^ Whitaker, R. (2002) Mind drugs may hinder recovery. USA Today. ^ John Nash PBS Interview: Medication ^ John Nash PBS Interview: Paths to Recovery ^ John Nash PBS Interview: How does Recovery Happen? ^ Nasar, S. (1994) The Lost Years of a Nobel Laureate New York Times ^ a b John Nash (1995) Autobiography From Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 1994, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 1952 ^ John Nash PBS Interview: Delusional Thinking ^ John Nash PBS Interview: The Downward Spiral ^ John Nash (2005) Glimpsing inside a beautiful mind Interview by Shane Hegarty ^ John Nash PBS Interview: Hearing voices ^ a b John Nash PBS Interview: My experience with mental illness ^ By David Neubauer (2007) John Nash and a Beautiful Mind on Strike Yahoo Health ^ John Nash (2002) Ideal Money Southern Economic Journal, 69(1), p4-11 ^ Julia Zuckerman (2005) Nobel winner Nash critiques economic theory The Brown Daily Herald ^ Levy, Emanuel (2003, page 16). All about Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8264-1452-4. Retrieved January 22, 2008. ^ Friedman, Roger (February 15, 2002). "Exclusive: Ron Howard Changed His Mind; and Screenwriter Admits to 'Semi-Fictional Movie'". Fox News. Retrieved March 28, 2009. ^ "Eleanor Stier, 84". The Boston Globe. Retrieved December 5, 2007. ^ a b c Levy, Emanuel (2003, page 145). All about Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8264-1452-4. Retrieved January 22, 2008. ^ Leebaert, Derek (2002, page 117). The Fifty-Year Wound: How America's Cold War Victory Shapes Our World. Back Bay, ISBN 0-316-16496-8. Retrieved January 22, 2008. ^ a b Johnson, David K. (2004, page 160). The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in The Federal Government. University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-40481-1. Retrieved January 22, 2008. ^ "A Real Number". Slate Magazine. Retrieved August 16, 2007. ^ a b Wehner, Chris C. (2003, page 40). Who Wrote That Movie?: Screenwriting in Review: 2000 - 2002. iUniverse, ISBN 0-595-29269-0. Retrieved January 22, 2008. ^ a b Scott, A. O. (March 21, 2002). "Critic's Notebook: A 'Mind' Is a Hazardous Thing to Distort". New York Times. Retrieved January 22 2008.
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